Удалить старые ядра Ubuntu

Введение

Со временем старые ядра занимают всё больше места в разделе boot

Апофеозом этого процесса является ошибка

the volume boot has only 0 bytes disk space remaining

Хотя обычно Ubuntu предупреждает о нехватке места заранее

Решить эту проблему обычно несложно.

Обычно помогает

sudo apt --purge autoremove

Подробности вы можете изучить далее в этой статье.

Список установленных ядер

Получить список всех ядер можно выполнив

dpkg --list | egrep -i --color 'linux-image|linux-headers'

ii linux-headers-5.10.0-1044-oem 5.10.0-1044.46 amd64 Linux kernel headers for version 5.10.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP ii linux-headers-5.10.0-1045-oem 5.10.0-1045.47 amd64 Linux kernel headers for version 5.10.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP ii linux-headers-5.11.0-25-generic 5.11.0-25.27~20.04.1 amd64 Linux kernel headers for version 5.11.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP ii linux-headers-5.11.0-27-generic 5.11.0-27.29~20.04.1 amd64 Linux kernel headers for version 5.11.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP ii linux-headers-5.11.0-34-generic 5.11.0-34.36~20.04.1 amd64 Linux kernel headers for version 5.11.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP ii linux-headers-5.4.0-81 5.4.0-81.91 all Header files related to Linux kernel version 5.4.0 ii linux-headers-5.4.0-81-generic 5.4.0-81.91 amd64 Linux kernel headers for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP ii linux-headers-5.4.0-84 5.4.0-84.94 all Header files related to Linux kernel version 5.4.0 ii linux-headers-5.4.0-84-generic 5.4.0-84.94 amd64 Linux kernel headers for version 5.4.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP ii linux-headers-5.6.0-1056-oem 5.6.0-1056.60 amd64 Linux kernel headers for version 5.6.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP ii linux-headers-5.8.0-34-generic 5.8.0-34.37~20.04.2 amd64 Linux kernel headers for version 5.8.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP ii linux-headers-5.8.0-53-generic 5.8.0-53.60~20.04.1 amd64 Linux kernel headers for version 5.8.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP ii linux-headers-5.8.0-63-generic 5.8.0-63.71~20.04.1 amd64 Linux kernel headers for version 5.8.0 on 64 bit x86 SMP ii linux-headers-generic 5.4.0.84.88 amd64 Generic Linux kernel headers ii linux-headers-generic-hwe-20.04 5.11.0.34.36~20.04.13 amd64 Generic Linux kernel headers ii linux-headers-oem-20.04b 5.10.0.1045.47 amd64 OEM Linux kernel headers rc linux-image-5.10.0-1029-oem 5.10.0-1029.30 amd64 Signed kernel image oem rc linux-image-5.10.0-1033-oem 5.10.0-1033.34 amd64 Signed kernel image oem rc linux-image-5.10.0-1038-oem 5.10.0-1038.40 amd64 Signed kernel image oem ii linux-image-5.10.0-1044-oem 5.10.0-1044.46 amd64 Signed kernel image oem ii linux-image-5.10.0-1045-oem 5.10.0-1045.47 amd64 Signed kernel image oem ii linux-image-5.11.0-25-generic 5.11.0-25.27~20.04.1 amd64 Signed kernel image generic ii linux-image-5.11.0-27-generic 5.11.0-27.29~20.04.1 amd64 Signed kernel image generic ii linux-image-5.11.0-34-generic 5.11.0-34.36~20.04.1 amd64 Signed kernel image generic rc linux-image-5.4.0-42-generic 5.4.0-42.46 amd64 Signed kernel image generic rc linux-image-5.4.0-54-generic 5.4.0-54.60 amd64 Signed kernel image generic rc linux-image-5.4.0-59-generic 5.4.0-59.65 amd64 Signed kernel image generic rc linux-image-5.6.0-1020-oem 5.6.0-1020.20 amd64 Signed kernel image oem rc linux-image-5.6.0-1036-oem 5.6.0-1036.39 amd64 Signed kernel image oem rc linux-image-5.6.0-1039-oem 5.6.0-1039.43 amd64 Signed kernel image oem rc linux-image-5.6.0-1042-oem 5.6.0-1042.46 amd64 Signed kernel image oem rc linux-image-5.6.0-1047-oem 5.6.0-1047.51 amd64 Signed kernel image oem rc linux-image-5.6.0-1048-oem 5.6.0-1048.52 amd64 Signed kernel image oem rc linux-image-5.6.0-1050-oem 5.6.0-1050.54 amd64 Signed kernel image oem rc linux-image-5.6.0-1052-oem 5.6.0-1052.56 amd64 Signed kernel image oem rc linux-image-5.6.0-1053-oem 5.6.0-1053.57 amd64 Signed kernel image oem rc linux-image-5.6.0-1054-oem 5.6.0-1054.58 amd64 Signed kernel image oem rc linux-image-5.6.0-1055-oem 5.6.0-1055.59 amd64 Signed kernel image oem ii linux-image-5.6.0-1056-oem 5.6.0-1056.60 amd64 Signed kernel image oem rc linux-image-5.8.0-34-generic 5.8.0-34.37~20.04.2 amd64 Signed kernel image generic rc linux-image-5.8.0-36-generic 5.8.0-36.40~20.04.1 amd64 Signed kernel image generic rc linux-image-5.8.0-38-generic 5.8.0-38.43~20.04.1 amd64 Signed kernel image generic rc linux-image-5.8.0-41-generic 5.8.0-41.46~20.04.1 amd64 Signed kernel image generic rc linux-image-5.8.0-43-generic 5.8.0-43.49~20.04.1 amd64 Signed kernel image generic rc linux-image-5.8.0-44-generic 5.8.0-44.50~20.04.1 amd64 Signed kernel image generic rc linux-image-5.8.0-45-generic 5.8.0-45.51~20.04.1+1 amd64 Signed kernel image generic rc linux-image-5.8.0-48-generic 5.8.0-48.54~20.04.1 amd64 Signed kernel image generic rc linux-image-5.8.0-49-generic 5.8.0-49.55~20.04.1 amd64 Signed kernel image generic rc linux-image-5.8.0-50-generic 5.8.0-50.56~20.04.1 amd64 Signed kernel image generic ii linux-image-5.8.0-53-generic 5.8.0-53.60~20.04.1 amd64 Signed kernel image generic rc linux-image-5.8.0-55-generic 5.8.0-55.62~20.04.1 amd64 Signed kernel image generic rc linux-image-5.8.0-59-generic 5.8.0-59.66~20.04.1 amd64 Signed kernel image generic ii linux-image-5.8.0-63-generic 5.8.0-63.71~20.04.1 amd64 Signed kernel image generic ii linux-image-generic-hwe-20.04 5.11.0.34.36~20.04.13 amd64 Generic Linux kernel image ii linux-image-oem-20.04b 5.10.0.1045.47 amd64 OEM Linux kernel image

Если нужны только установленные ядра

dpkg --list | grep -i -E --color 'linux-image|linux-kernel' | grep '^ii'

ii linux-image-5.10.0-1044-oem 5.10.0-1044.46 amd64 Signed kernel image oem ii linux-image-5.10.0-1045-oem 5.10.0-1045.47 amd64 Signed kernel image oem ii linux-image-5.11.0-25-generic 5.11.0-25.27~20.04.1 amd64 Signed kernel image generic ii linux-image-5.11.0-27-generic 5.11.0-27.29~20.04.1 amd64 Signed kernel image generic ii linux-image-5.11.0-34-generic 5.11.0-34.36~20.04.1 amd64 Signed kernel image generic ii linux-image-5.6.0-1056-oem 5.6.0-1056.60 amd64 Signed kernel image oem ii linux-image-5.8.0-53-generic 5.8.0-53.60~20.04.1 amd64 Signed kernel image generic ii linux-image-5.8.0-63-generic 5.8.0-63.71~20.04.1 amd64 Signed kernel image generic ii linux-image-generic-hwe-20.04 5.11.0.34.36~20.04.13 amd64 Generic Linux kernel image ii linux-image-oem-20.04b 5.10.0.1045.47 amd64 OEM Linux kernel image

Количество ядер

dpkg --list | egrep -i --color 'linux-image|linux-headers' | grep '^ii' | wc -l

55

Количество установленных ядер

dpkg --list | egrep -i --color 'linux-image|linux-headers' | grep '^ii' | grep '^ii' | wc -l

26

Изучить свободное место на диске

df -H

Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on udev 17G 0 17G 0% /dev tmpfs 3.4G 2.7M 3.4G 1% /run /dev/mapper/nvme0n1p3_crypt 502G 429G 48G 91% / tmpfs 17G 27M 17G 1% /dev/shm tmpfs 5.3M 4.1k 5.3M 1% /run/lock tmpfs 17G 0 17G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/loop0 105M 105M 0 100% /snap/core/11606 /dev/loop1 59M 59M 0 100% /snap/core18/2074 /dev/loop2 105M 105M 0 100% /snap/core/11420 /dev/loop3 59M 59M 0 100% /snap/core18/2128 /dev/loop6 69M 69M 0 100% /snap/gtk-common-themes/1515 /dev/loop5 230M 230M 0 100% /snap/gnome-3-34-1804/72 /dev/loop4 230M 230M 0 100% /snap/gnome-3-34-1804/66 /dev/loop7 133M 133M 0 100% /snap/slack/44 /dev/loop8 34M 34M 0 100% /snap/snapd/12704 /dev/loop9 34M 34M 0 100% /snap/snapd/12883 /dev/loop11 69M 69M 0 100% /snap/gtk-common-themes/1514 /dev/loop10 54M 54M 0 100% /snap/snap-store/547 /dev/loop12 54M 54M 0 100% /snap/snap-store/542 /dev/loop13 130M 130M 0 100% /snap/slack/43 /dev/nvme0n1p2 992M 896M 45M 96% /boot /dev/nvme0n1p1 536M 8.8M 528M 2% /boot/efi tmpfs 3.4G 21k 3.4G 1% /run/user/125 tmpfs 3.4G 91k 3.4G 1% /run/user/26167

Видно, что раздел boot почти заполнен.

Удалить устаревшие ядра можно командой

sudo apt --purge autoremove

Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done The following packages will be REMOVED: linux-headers-5.10.0-1044-oem* linux-headers-5.11.0-25-generic* linux-headers-5.4.0-81* linux-headers-5.4.0-81-generic* linux-hwe-5.11-headers-5.11.0-25* linux-image-5.10.0-1044-oem* linux-image-5.11.0-25-generic* linux-modules-5.10.0-1044-oem* linux-modules-5.11.0-25-generic* linux-modules-extra-5.11.0-25-generic* linux-oem-5.10-headers-5.10.0-1044* 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 11 to remove and 22 not upgraded. After this operation, 890 MB disk space will be freed. Do you want to continue? [Y/n] Y (Reading database ... 551121 files and directories currently installed.) Removing linux-headers-5.10.0-1044-oem (5.10.0-1044.46) ... Removing linux-headers-5.11.0-25-generic (5.11.0-25.27~20.04.1) ... Removing linux-headers-5.4.0-81-generic (5.4.0-81.91) ... dpkg: warning: while removing linux-headers-5.4.0-81-generic, directory '/lib/modules/5.4.0-81-generic' not empty so not removed Removing linux-headers-5.4.0-81 (5.4.0-81.91) ... Removing linux-hwe-5.11-headers-5.11.0-25 (5.11.0-25.27~20.04.1) ... Removing linux-image-5.10.0-1044-oem (5.10.0-1044.46) ... /etc/kernel/prerm.d/dkms: dkms: removing: nvidia 450.119.03 (5.10.0-1044-oem) (x86_64) -------- Uninstall Beginning -------- Module: nvidia Version: 450.119.03 Kernel: 5.10.0-1044-oem (x86_64) ------------------------------------- Status: Before uninstall, this module version was ACTIVE on this kernel. nvidia.ko: - Uninstallation - Deleting from: /lib/modules/5.10.0-1044-oem/updates/dkms/ - Original module - No original module was found for this module on this kernel. - Use the dkms install command to reinstall any previous module version. nvidia-modeset.ko: - Uninstallation - Deleting from: /lib/modules/5.10.0-1044-oem/updates/dkms/ - Original module - No original module was found for this module on this kernel. - Use the dkms install command to reinstall any previous module version. nvidia-drm.ko: - Uninstallation - Deleting from: /lib/modules/5.10.0-1044-oem/updates/dkms/ - Original module - No original module was found for this module on this kernel. - Use the dkms install command to reinstall any previous module version. depmod... DKMS: uninstall completed. I: /boot/initrd.img.old is now a symlink to initrd.img-5.10.0-1045-oem /etc/kernel/postrm.d/initramfs-tools: update-initramfs: Deleting /boot/initrd.img-5.10.0-1044-oem /etc/kernel/postrm.d/zz-update-grub: Sourcing file `/etc/default/grub' Sourcing file `/etc/default/grub.d/init-select.cfg' Sourcing file `/etc/default/grub.d/oem-flavour.cfg' Generating grub configuration file ... Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-5.11.0-34-generic Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-5.11.0-34-generic Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-5.11.0-27-generic Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-5.11.0-27-generic Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-5.11.0-25-generic Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-5.11.0-25-generic Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-5.8.0-63-generic Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-5.8.0-63-generic Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-5.8.0-53-generic Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-5.8.0-53-generic Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-5.10.0-1045-oem Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-5.10.0-1045-oem Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-5.6.0-1056-oem Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-5.6.0-1056-oem Adding boot menu entry for UEFI Firmware Settings done Removing linux-modules-extra-5.11.0-25-generic (5.11.0-25.27~20.04.1) ... Removing linux-modules-5.10.0-1044-oem (5.10.0-1044.46) ... Removing linux-oem-5.10-headers-5.10.0-1044 (5.10.0-1044.46) ... Removing linux-image-5.11.0-25-generic (5.11.0-25.27~20.04.1) ... /etc/kernel/prerm.d/dkms: dkms: removing: nvidia 450.119.03 (5.11.0-25-generic) (x86_64) -------- Uninstall Beginning -------- Module: nvidia Version: 450.119.03 Kernel: 5.11.0-25-generic (x86_64) ------------------------------------- Status: Before uninstall, this module version was ACTIVE on this kernel. nvidia.ko: - Uninstallation - Deleting from: /lib/modules/5.11.0-25-generic/updates/dkms/ - Original module - No original module was found for this module on this kernel. - Use the dkms install command to reinstall any previous module version. nvidia-modeset.ko: - Uninstallation - Deleting from: /lib/modules/5.11.0-25-generic/updates/dkms/ - Original module - No original module was found for this module on this kernel. - Use the dkms install command to reinstall any previous module version. nvidia-drm.ko: - Uninstallation - Deleting from: /lib/modules/5.11.0-25-generic/updates/dkms/ - Original module - No original module was found for this module on this kernel. - Use the dkms install command to reinstall any previous module version. depmod... DKMS: uninstall completed. /etc/kernel/postrm.d/initramfs-tools: update-initramfs: Deleting /boot/initrd.img-5.11.0-25-generic /etc/kernel/postrm.d/zz-update-grub: Sourcing file `/etc/default/grub' Sourcing file `/etc/default/grub.d/init-select.cfg' Sourcing file `/etc/default/grub.d/oem-flavour.cfg' Generating grub configuration file ... Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-5.11.0-34-generic Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-5.11.0-34-generic Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-5.11.0-27-generic Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-5.11.0-27-generic Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-5.8.0-63-generic Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-5.8.0-63-generic Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-5.8.0-53-generic Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-5.8.0-53-generic Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-5.10.0-1045-oem Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-5.10.0-1045-oem Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-5.6.0-1056-oem Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-5.6.0-1056-oem Adding boot menu entry for UEFI Firmware Settings done Removing linux-modules-5.11.0-25-generic (5.11.0-25.27~20.04.1) ... (Reading database ... 445162 files and directories currently installed.) Purging configuration files for linux-modules-extra-5.11.0-25-generic (5.11.0-25.27~20.04.1) ... Purging configuration files for linux-image-5.11.0-25-generic (5.11.0-25.27~20.04.1) ... rmdir: failed to remove '/lib/modules/5.11.0-25-generic': Directory not empty Purging configuration files for linux-modules-5.11.0-25-generic (5.11.0-25.27~20.04.1) ... dpkg: warning: while removing linux-modules-5.11.0-25-generic, directory '/lib/modules/5.11.0-25-generic' not empty so n ot removed Purging configuration files for linux-modules-5.10.0-1044-oem (5.10.0-1044.46) ... dpkg: warning: while removing linux-modules-5.10.0-1044-oem, directory '/lib/modules/5.10.0-1044-oem' not empty so not r emoved Purging configuration files for linux-image-5.10.0-1044-oem (5.10.0-1044.46) ...

Проверка

Проверить результат очистки можно с помощью df и grep

df -H | grep boot

/dev/nvme0n1p2 992M 657M 283M 70% /boot
/dev/nvme0n1p1 536M 8.8M 528M 2% /boot/efi

Было занято 96% теперь 70%

dpkg --list | egrep -i --color 'linux-image|linux-headers' | grep '^ii' | wc -l

59

dpkg --list | egrep -i --color 'linux-image|linux-headers' | grep '^ii' | grep '^ii' | wc -l

20

Шесть ядер были удалены